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Related Concept Videos

Linear time-invariant Systems01:23

Linear time-invariant Systems

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A system is linear if it displays the characteristics of homogeneity and additivity, together termed the superposition property. This principle is fundamental in all linear systems. Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems include systems with linear elements and constant parameters.
The input-output behavior of an LTI system can be fully defined by its response to an impulsive excitation at its input. Once this impulse response is known, the system's reaction to any other input can be...
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain01:26

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Linear systems are characterized by two main properties: superposition and homogeneity. Superposition allows the response to multiple inputs to be the sum of the responses to each individual input. Homogeneity ensures that scaling an input by a scalar results in the response being scaled by the same scalar.
In contrast, nonlinear systems do not inherently possess these properties. However, for small deviations around an operating point, a nonlinear system can often be approximated as linear....
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Linear Circuits01:17

Linear Circuits

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A linear circuit is characterized by its output having a direct proportionality to its input, adhering to the linearity property, which encompasses the principles of homogeneity (scaling) and additivity. Homogeneity dictates that when the input, also referred to as the excitation, is multiplied by a constant factor, the output, known as the response, is correspondingly scaled by the same constant factor. For instance, if the current is multiplied by a constant 'k,' the voltage likewise...
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Linear Non-Threshold (LNT) historical discovery milestones.

Edward Calabrese1

  • 1. edwardc@schoolph.umass.edu.

La Medicina Del Lavoro
|August 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This paper identifies historical flaws in cancer risk assessment, focusing on the Linear No-Threshold (LNT) model. Discoveries reveal scientific misconduct, impacting global health and economies.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health Sciences
  • Toxicology
  • Risk Assessment

Background:

  • The Linear No-Threshold (LNT) model is a cornerstone of radiation cancer risk assessment.
  • Concerns exist regarding the scientific validity and historical development of the LNT model.
  • Potential flaws in LNT could have significant implications for public health and regulatory policy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To chronologically identify key historical milestones in the discovery of flaws within cancer risk assessment.
  • To critically examine the foundation and application of the Linear No-Threshold (LNT) Dose Response model.
  • To assess the impact of these discoveries on scientific credibility and public health practices.

Main Methods:

  • Historical analysis of published scientific findings and regulatory documents.

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  • Review of critical milestones related to cancer risk assessment and the LNT model.
  • Synthesis of evidence detailing scientific misconduct and its consequences.

    • Main Results:

    • Identification of a sequence of historical events revealing fundamental flaws in cancer risk assessment.
    • Evidence suggests the LNT model's foundation may be corrupt, constituting significant scientific misconduct.
    • The revelations have damaged the credibility of major scientific and regulatory bodies.

    Conclusions:

    • The historical trajectory of the LNT model reveals critical scientific misconduct with global repercussions.
    • Flawed cancer risk assessment impacts economies, technology development, and public health.
    • Re-evaluation of cancer risk assessment models is crucial for scientific integrity and effective policy.