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Related Concept Videos

Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport01:17

Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport

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Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
Pore transport, also known as convective transport, is a process where small molecules like urea, water, and sugars rapidly cross cell membranes as though there were channels or pores in the membrane. Although direct microscopic evidence is limited  but the concept of pores or channels is widely accepted based on physiological evidence. Despite the lack of direct...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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Drug Absorption Mechanism: Passive Membrane Transport01:23

Drug Absorption Mechanism: Passive Membrane Transport

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Passive transport is a method of drug absorption where small, lipid-soluble drugs can move across the cell membrane. This movement happens along the concentration gradient, which is a natural flow from higher to lower concentration areas. The speed at which the drug moves is directly related to its lipid–water partition coefficient. This means that the more a drug dissolves in lipids, the faster it diffuses or spreads throughout the body. It is important to note that most drugs are either...
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Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Tissue Permeability01:30

Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Tissue Permeability

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The drug distribution process within the human body is a complex interplay of various physicochemical properties inherent to the drugs. These properties, including molecular size, ionization degree, partition coefficient, and stereochemical nature, significantly impact how drugs permeate biological membranes to reach their target tissues.
Small molecules with a molecular weight below 500 to 600 Daltons can easily pass through the capillary membrane, gaining access to different tissues. Larger...
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Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Reabsorption01:22

Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Reabsorption

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During the process of renal excretion, as the glomerular filtrate progresses to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), drugs that are highly permeable, lipophilic, and nonionized undergo passive reabsorption from the tubular fluid into the surrounding peritubular capillaries. This reabsorption process restricts their elimination through the kidneys. However, the majority of drugs are either weak acids or weak bases, and their ionization level is dependent on pH. By altering the pH of urine, the...
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Drug Distribution: Tissue Binding01:21

Drug Distribution: Tissue Binding

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Upon entering the systemic circulation, drugs can distribute into the interstitial and intracellular fluid of various tissue cells. This distribution is facilitated by the binding of drugs to different cellular components within tissues, which may lead to drug accumulation in specific areas. Drugs bound to tissue components serve as reservoirs that release free drugs back into the system, prolonging the drug's overall action. However, this accumulation can also result in local toxicity.
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RETRACTED: Zito Marino et al. AXL and MET Tyrosine Kinase Receptors Co-Expression as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. <i>J. Pers. Med.</i> 2022, <i>12</i>, 1993.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 30, 2025

In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches to Determine Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability
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Thinking about Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect (EPR).

Stefano Leporatti1

  • 1CNR Nanotec-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, c/o Campus Ekotecne, 73100 Lecce, Italy.

Journal of Personalized Medicine
|August 26, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is crucial for tumor-targeted nanomedicine. This review highlights the significance of the EPR concept and methods to improve its application in cancer therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is a key phenomenon in tumor targeting.
  • Recent advancements in nanomedicine leverage the EPR effect for drug delivery.
  • A Special Issue in the Journal of Personalized Medicine focused on EPR Effect-Based Tumor Targeted Nanomedicine.

Discussion:

  • This editorial discusses progress in understanding and utilizing the EPR effect.
  • It highlights a highly cited review by Jun Wu on the EPR concept and enhancement strategies.
  • The discussion emphasizes the practical application of EPR in developing effective nanomedicines.

Key Insights:

  • The EPR effect's significance in passive tumor targeting is re-evaluated.
  • Methods to enhance the EPR effect for improved drug delivery are explored.
  • The review underscores the importance of the EPR concept in personalized medicine.

Outlook:

  • Further research is needed to optimize EPR-based nanomedicine delivery systems.
  • Translating EPR-enhanced therapies into clinical practice remains a key goal.
  • Continued exploration of EPR mechanisms will drive innovation in cancer treatment.