Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Quantifying and Rejecting Outliers: The Grubbs Test01:02

Quantifying and Rejecting Outliers: The Grubbs Test

1.8K
Sometimes, a data set can have a recorded numerical observation that greatly  deviates from the rest of the data. Assuming that the data is normally distributed, a statistical method called the Grubbs test can be used to determine whether the observation is truly an outlier.  To perform a two-tailed Grubbs test, first, calculate the absolute difference between the outlier and the mean. Then, calculate the ratio between this difference and the standard deviation of the sample. This...
1.8K
Bonferroni Test01:10

Bonferroni Test

2.8K
The Bonferroni test is a statistical test named after Carlo Emilio Bonferroni, an Italian mathematician best known for Bonferroni inequalities. This statistical test is a type of multiple comparison test to determine which means are different than the rest. Bonferroni test can minimize the Type 1 error by reducing the significance level alpha, which otherwise increases with sample pairs.
The means of different samples are first paired in all possible combinations.
The null hypothesis of the...
2.8K
Difference from Background: Limit of Detection01:05

Difference from Background: Limit of Detection

6.9K
The limit of detection (LOD) is the smallest amount of analyte that can be distinguished from the background noise. The LOD value corresponds to the concentration at which the analyte signal is three times larger than the standard deviation of the blank signal. Below this value, the analyte signal cannot be differentiated from the background noise. It is calculated by dividing the calibration slope by 3 times the standard deviation of the blank signals.
The LOD indicates the presence or absence...
6.9K
Detection of Gross Error: The Q Test01:00

Detection of Gross Error: The Q Test

6.4K
When one or more data points appear far from the rest of the data, there is a need to determine whether they are outliers and whether they should be eliminated from the data set to ensure an accurate representation of the measured value. In many cases, outliers arise from gross errors (or human errors) and do not accurately reflect the underlying phenomenon. In some cases, however, these apparent outliers reflect true phenomenological differences. In these cases, we can use statistical methods...
6.4K
The Bell Curve01:21

The Bell Curve

341
The normal probability distribution, often depicted as a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, is fundamental in statistics and the study of natural phenomena. This pattern, famously described by mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, shows how data points are distributed around a central mean, with most values near the average and fewer observations occurring as they deviate further from it.
This pattern applies to many human characteristics beyond intelligence, such as height. For example, if you...
341
Routh-Hurwitz Criterion II01:19

Routh-Hurwitz Criterion II

373
In the application of the Routh-Hurwitz criterion, two specific scenarios can arise that complicate stability analysis.
The first scenario occurs when a singular zero appears in the first column of the Routh table. This situation creates a division by zero issues. To resolve this, a small positive or negative number, denoted as epsilon (∈), is substituted for the zero. The stability analysis proceeds by assuming a sign for ∈. If ∈ is positive, any sign change in the first...
373

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Experimental violation of a Bell-like inequality for causal order.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Experimental Genuine Quantum Nonlocality in the Triangle Network.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Fully tunable optical filter based on a thin-film lithium niobate microring resonator.

Optics letters·2026
Same author

Practical Advantage of Classical Communication in Entanglement Detection.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Quantum Stochastic Communication via High-Dimensional Entanglement.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Observation of Residual Entanglement in Entanglement Purification.

Physical review letters·2025
Same journal

Erratum: Bacterial Turbulence at Compressible Fluid Interfaces [Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 138301 (2026)].

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Unveiling Light-Quark Yukawa Flavor Structure via Dihadron Fragmentation at Lepton Colliders.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Adaptable Route to Fast Coherent State Transport via Bang-Bang-Bang Protocols.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Topological Transition and Emergence of Elasticity of Dislocation in Skyrmion Lattice: Beyond Kittel's Magnetic-Polar Analogy.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Pound-Drever-Hall Method for Superconducting-Qubit Readout.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Coupling a ^{73}Ge Nuclear Spin to an Electrostatically Defined Quantum Dot in Silicon.

Physical review letters·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns
13:44

Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns

Published on: August 30, 2013

43.0K

High-Dimensional Bell Test without Detection Loophole.

Xiao-Min Hu1, Chao Zhang1, Bi-Heng Liu1

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China.

Physical Review Letters
|August 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study demonstrates the first experimental violation of a Bell inequality using four-dimensional entangled photons, successfully closing the detection loophole. This advancement is crucial for developing secure quantum information technologies.

More Related Videos

Signal Acquisition, Score Interpretation, and Economics of a Non-Invasive Point-of-Care Test for Coronary Artery Disease
06:16

Signal Acquisition, Score Interpretation, and Economics of a Non-Invasive Point-of-Care Test for Coronary Artery Disease

Published on: August 9, 2024

514
Selecting Multiple Biomarker Subsets with Similarly Effective Binary Classification Performances
07:35

Selecting Multiple Biomarker Subsets with Similarly Effective Binary Classification Performances

Published on: October 11, 2018

7.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 30, 2025

Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns
13:44

Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns

Published on: August 30, 2013

43.0K
Signal Acquisition, Score Interpretation, and Economics of a Non-Invasive Point-of-Care Test for Coronary Artery Disease
06:16

Signal Acquisition, Score Interpretation, and Economics of a Non-Invasive Point-of-Care Test for Coronary Artery Disease

Published on: August 9, 2024

514
Selecting Multiple Biomarker Subsets with Similarly Effective Binary Classification Performances
07:35

Selecting Multiple Biomarker Subsets with Similarly Effective Binary Classification Performances

Published on: October 11, 2018

7.6K

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Foundations
  • Experimental Quantum Physics

Background:

  • Bell's inequalities reveal fundamental conflicts between quantum mechanics and local realism.
  • Loophole-free Bell tests are essential for understanding quantum mechanics and enabling device-independent (DI) quantum information tasks.
  • High-dimensional quantum systems offer advantages over qubits for closing loopholes in Bell tests.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally demonstrate the violation of a Bell inequality using high-dimensional entangled photons.
  • To close the detection loophole in Bell tests through the use of four-dimensional quantum systems.
  • To advance the development of loophole-free high-dimensional Bell tests and quantum DI technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing four-dimensional entangled photons to violate a Bell inequality.
  • Achieving a detection efficiency of approximately 71.7% for the entangled photon source.
  • Employing multicore fiber technology to facilitate high-dimensional quantum experiments.

Main Results:

  • Successfully violated a Bell inequality with four-dimensional entangled photons, closing the detection loophole.
  • Achieved a high state fidelity of 0.995±0.001.
  • Demonstrated the feasibility of loophole-free high-dimensional Bell tests.

Conclusions:

  • The experiment provides the first demonstration of a loophole-free Bell test using four-dimensional entangled photons.
  • High-dimensional quantum systems are effective for closing the detection loophole in Bell tests.
  • This work paves the way for future high-dimensional quantum DI technologies and advanced quantum communication.