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Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm
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Do parents modify child-directed signing to emphasize iconicity?

Paris Gappmayr1, Amy M Lieberman2, Jennie Pyers3

  • 1Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.

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|September 12, 2022
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Summary

Iconic signs are more common in young deaf children's vocabulary. Parents do not intentionally use more iconic signs, but iconic signs are produced for longer durations, potentially aiding child learning.

Keywords:
American Sign Languagechild-directed languagedeafnessiconicitylanguage developmentparent inputsign duration

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Deaf Education

Background:

  • Iconic signs, which visually resemble their referents, are frequently observed in the early vocabularies of deaf children.
  • The reasons for this overrepresentation, whether due to inherent learnability or specific adult signing strategies, remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether parents selectively use more iconic signs in their communication with deaf children.
  • To examine if iconic signs are produced with longer durations in child-directed signing, potentially enhancing their learnability.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of naturalistic video recordings of parent-deaf child dyads (n=24) aged 9-60 months.
  • Comparison of the iconicity of parent-produced signs against simulated vocabularies to assess selection bias.
  • Linear regression analysis to determine the relationship between sign iconicity, sign duration, and child age.

Main Results:

  • Parent sign production (both types and tokens) was generally not more iconic than chance-based simulated vocabularies.
  • An interaction between age and iconicity was found: parents of older children produced non-iconic signs faster than iconic signs.
  • Iconic signs showed resistance to duration reduction, unlike non-iconic signs, as children aged.

Conclusions:

  • Parents do not appear to strategically select more iconic signs for their deaf children.
  • The prolonged production duration of iconic signs may contribute to their overrepresentation in young deaf children's vocabularies.
  • Perceptual availability is a potential factor explaining why iconic signs are overrepresented in early sign language acquisition.