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Mass Shootings in America: Consensus Recommendations for Healthcare Response
Craig Goolsby1, Keke Schuler2,3, Jon Krohmer4
1From the Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, National Center for Disaster Medicine & Public Health, Bethesda, MD (Goolsby).
Journal of the American College of Surgeons
|September 14, 2022
Summary
Emergency medical services, emergency medicine, and surgery experts developed consensus recommendations for mass shooting incident response. These lessons learned can improve future mass shooting preparedness and medical care.
Area of Science:
- Disaster Medicine
- Public Health
- Emergency Medical Services
Background:
- Mass shooting incidents (MSIs) pose significant public health challenges.
- In 2021, 702 deaths occurred in US MSIs.
- A consensus conference convened experts to define optimal healthcare responses to MSIs.
Purpose of the Study:
- To establish consensus recommendations for healthcare responses to mass shooting incidents.
- To leverage the experience of clinicians who provided medical response to major MSIs.
Main Methods:
- A 3-round modified Delphi process was employed.
- Six major MSIs (2016 or later, ≥15 casualties) were selected: Orlando, Las Vegas, Sutherland Springs, Parkland, El Paso, Dayton.
- Fifteen clinicians with EMS, EM, or surgery expertise, who responded to these MSIs, participated.
Main Results:
- Eight common recommendations were generated across EMS, EM, and surgery groups.
- These cover readiness training, public education, triage, communication, patient tracking, medical records, family reunification, and responder mental health.
- An additional 11 recommendations were developed within paired specialty groups (EMS/EM, EM/Surgery, EMS/Surgery).
Conclusions:
- Multiple consensus recommendations emerged from clinicians involved in MSI response.
- These findings offer valuable lessons for clinicians, emergency planners, and stakeholders preparing for future mass shooting events.
- Implementing these recommendations can enhance the effectiveness of mass shooting medical response.
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