Frequency and Pattern of Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Tertiary Hospital in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered rare and mild in Africa, its exact burden is unknown.

To determine the pattern of RA and medications used in its management at University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH), Nigeria.

A retrospective cross-sectional study of RA patients, aged >18 years, satisfying the American college of rheumatology (ACR)/European alliance of associations for rheumatology (EULAR) 2010 and/or ACR 1987 classification criteria seen over six years (January 2015 to December 2020) at UMTH. Ethical approval was granted by the hospital's Ethics committee. Excluded, were other Rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) and those with incomplete data. Sociodemographic, clinical features, laboratory results, medications used, and clinical disease activity index (CDAI) were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant.

Of the 1,315 RMDs seen, 162 (12.3%) had RA of which 32 were excluded due to incomplete data. Their median [IQR] age was 40.9 [29.6-54.0] years and 78.5% were females. The median [IQR] disease duration before presentation was 3 [2-5] years. The wrist joint was the most affected (88.5%), while the hip was the least (15.4%). Sicca symptoms was reported by 42.3% while, 41.1% had subcutaneous nodules. The median [IQR] erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 66.2 [45-72.3] mm in the 1st hour, 65.7% had positive Rheumatoid factor (RF). The mean(±SD) CDAI score was 33.0(±9.5) and 86.2% of patients had high disease activity. All patients were treated with steroids, 70.0% had methotrexate (MTX) while none received biologics.

In Maiduguri, RA patients present late with high disease activity and poor access to biologics. There is a need to improve early diagnosis and prompt referral to a rheumatologist.