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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
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Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
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Other Unique Bacteria01:18

Other Unique Bacteria

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Magnetic bacteria exhibit a directed movement called magnetotaxis, driven by structures called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes consist of chains of magnetic particles made of either magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄) and are organized in a linear conformation by a protein scaffold within invaginations of the cell membrane. The bacteria align along the north–south magnetic field lines, much like a compass needle. They are typically microaerophilic or anaerobic...
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Rare-earth-free magnetically hard ferrous materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Magnetism

Background:

  • Permanent magnets, particularly rare-earth based ones, are crucial for energy and information technologies.
  • Environmental concerns and supply chain vulnerabilities of rare-earth elements necessitate alternatives.
  • Developing rare-earth-free magnets with high energy product (BH)max is a key research objective.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the progress and potential of iron-based permanent magnets as a rare-earth-free alternative.
  • To summarize synthesis methods and magnetic properties of iron-based permanent magnets.
  • To highlight iron-based magnets as promising candidates for future magnetic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of iron-based permanent magnet research.
  • Analysis of materials synthesis techniques for iron-based magnets.
  • Evaluation of magnetic properties, including energy product (BH)max.

Main Results:

  • Iron-based permanent magnets are identified as a viable rare-earth-free option.
  • Their abundance and magnetic performance make them attractive.
  • Ongoing research focuses on optimizing their properties through advanced synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Iron-based permanent magnets offer a sustainable and high-performance solution.
  • Continued research in synthesis and property optimization is essential.
  • These magnets are poised to play a significant role in future energy-critical technologies.