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Fluid Pressure01:14

Fluid Pressure

In mechanical engineering, fluid pressure plays a critical role in designing systems that utilize liquid flow, such as hydraulic systems, pumps, and valves. When designing these systems, engineers must ensure they can withstand the forces created by fluid pressure to avoid damage or failure.
According to Pascal's law, a fluid at rest will generate equal pressure in all directions. This pressure is measured as a force per unit area, and its magnitude depends on the fluid's specific weight or...
Fluid Pressure over Flat Plate of Constant Width01:05

Fluid Pressure over Flat Plate of Constant Width

When a body is submerged in water, it experiences fluid pressure acting normal on its surface and distributed over its area. For better design structures, it is crucial to determine the magnitude and location of the resultant force acting on the surface. In the case of a rectangular plate of constant width submerged in water, the pressure increases with depth, resulting in a linearly varying trapezoidal pressure distribution from the upper to the lower edge of the plate.
The resultant force...
Fluid Pressure over Curved Plate of Constant Width01:12

Fluid Pressure over Curved Plate of Constant Width

When a curved plate of constant width is submerged in a liquid, the pressure acting normal to the plate varies continuously both in magnitude and direction. Calculating the magnitude and location of the resultant force at a point is often challenging for such cases. One of the methods to determine the resultant force and its location involves separately calculating the horizontal and vertical components of the resultant force. This complex calculation can be simplified by representing the...
Fluid Pressure over Flat Plate of Variable Width01:02

Fluid Pressure over Flat Plate of Variable Width

When a flat plate is submerged in a fluid, the fluid exerts pressure on the plate. This pressure can lead to many different phenomena, including drag and buoyancy. To understand the behavior of the fluid over a flat plate of variable width, it is essential to analyze the distribution of the pressure exerted.
The pressure distribution on the plate can be calculated by determining the force that acts on a differential area strip of the plate. Thus, the magnitude of the force is equal to the...
Bending of Material: Problem Solving01:09

Bending of Material: Problem Solving

In this lesson, determine the ratio of the maximum bending moments applied to two metal pipes, given that both pipes can withstand a maximum stress of 100 MPa. Both pipes have an outer radius of 1.8 cm. Pipe A has an inner radius of 1.5 cm, and Pipe B has an inner radius of 1 cm. The ratio of the maximum bending moment applied to two metallic pipes, each with a different inner and outer radius, is determined by considering their dimensions. The inner radius of the first pipe is 1.5 cm, and for...
Typical Model Studies01:30

Typical Model Studies

Fluid mechanics model studies often utilize scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior in full-scale environments, such as river flows, dam spillways, and structures interacting with open surfaces. Maintaining Froude number similarity in river models is crucial, as it replicates surface flow features like wave patterns and velocities.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Protocol for Relative Hydrodynamic Assessment of Tri-leaflet Polymer Valves
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Protocol for Relative Hydrodynamic Assessment of Tri-leaflet Polymer Valves

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A Parametric Study on a Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Valve.

Hojat Heidari-Bafroui1, Ashutosh Kumar1, Amer Charbaji1

  • 1Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.

Micromachines
|September 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces the Bi-Material Cantilever (B-MaC) valve for precise fluid control in paper-based microfluidics. Key parameters like paper type and humidity significantly impact valve function and fluid flow rates.

Keywords:
bi-material cantileverfluid imbibitionpaper-based sensorpaper-based valve

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Area of Science:

  • Microfluidics
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Chemical Sensing

Background:

  • Paper-based microfluidic devices are crucial for biological and chemical sensing.
  • Accurate fluid handling is essential for reliable device operation.
  • The Bi-Material Cantilever (B-MaC) valve offers autonomous fluid reagent loading and control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a parametric study on the Bi-Material Cantilever (B-MaC) valve.
  • To evaluate the influence of geometric parameters and environmental factors on B-MaC functionality.
  • To understand fluid flow rates and cantilever deflection for optimized microfluidic device design.

Main Methods:

  • Extensive parametric study of B-MaC valve.
  • Evaluation of geometric parameters: paper direction, cantilever width, paper type, tape type, sample volume.
  • Assessment of environmental factors: relative humidity and temperature.

Main Results:

  • Machine direction, cantilever width, paper type, and tape type significantly affect B-MaC activation time.
  • Fluid imbibition rate is sensitive to humidity changes at high (55°C) and low (25°C) temperatures, but not at 45°C.
  • A 4 mm gap is needed to prevent premature activation under high humidity (>90%) and low temperature (<35°C).

Conclusions:

  • The B-MaC valve's performance is critically dependent on specific geometric and environmental parameters.
  • Understanding these parameters is vital for designing effective point-of-care microfluidic paper-based devices.
  • The B-MaC valve enables sequential reagent loading in fluidic circuits for advanced sensing applications.