Ten challenges in measuring and reporting ship noise levels

In 2000, the authors published an article by Arveson and Vendittis [JASA 107, 118-129 (2000)] that described measurements of the radiated noise of a cargo ship measured by the U.S. Navy. Today, there are many, much larger ships in use; they inject more noise into the sea ambient, which may be causing increasing impacts on marine animals. This has led to an increasing interest in the noise from these ships. This report highlights several ship noise measurement challenges and how they may be mitigated by careful analysis and conformance to the recommendations in standards. [Additional definitions are provided in ISO/FDIS 18405 (2017).].