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Related Concept Videos

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Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Stable Knockdown of Genes Encoding Extracellular Matrix Proteins in the C2C12 Myoblast Cell Line Using Small-Hairpin shRNA
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Modulating myoblast differentiation with RNA-based controllers.

Peter B Dykstra1, Thomas A Rando2,3, Christina D Smolke1,4

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America.

Plos One
|September 27, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Engineered RNA devices offer tunable control over cell differentiation. This study demonstrates theophylline-responsive RNA switches modulating muscle stem cell differentiation by regulating anti-differentiation proteins.

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Tunable genetic controllers are essential for engineering biological systems.
  • RNA devices are engineered RNA-based controllers for tunable gene expression.
  • RNA devices have shown potential in controlling therapeutic activities and cell fate decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply a theophylline-responsive RNA device to control myogenic differentiation in muscle progenitor cells.
  • To investigate the use of RNA devices for drug-responsive, tunable control over cell fate decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ribozyme-based RNA switches responsive to theophylline to control gene expression.
  • Engineered RNA devices incorporating anti-differentiation proteins HRAS and JAK1.
  • Assessed gene expression in C2C12 myoblasts in a ligand-dependent manner.
  • Demonstrated modulation of myoblast differentiation via theophylline-responsive RNA devices regulating HRAS expression.

Main Results:

  • Theophylline-responsive RNA switches successfully controlled fluorescent reporter expression in C2C12 myoblasts.
  • Incorporation of HRAS and JAK1 into RNA devices was achieved.
  • Regulation of HRAS expression using theophylline-responsive RNA devices modulated myoblast differentiation in a theophylline-dependent manner.

Conclusions:

  • RNA devices provide a powerful tool for drug-responsive, tunable control over cell fate.
  • Theophylline-responsive RNA devices can effectively modulate myogenic differentiation.
  • This technology holds promise for applications in stem cell therapy and stem cell biology research.