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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

6.0K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
6.0K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

19.6K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
19.6K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

42.8K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
42.8K
The Pauli Exclusion Principle03:06

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

45.8K
The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
45.8K
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

4.4K
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
4.4K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

17.9K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
17.9K

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Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
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Criticality and Phase Classification for Quadratic Open Quantum Many-Body Systems.

Yikang Zhang1, Thomas Barthel1

  • 1Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|September 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Steady states of quantum many-body systems with finite-range interactions exhibit exponentially decaying Green's functions. Fermionic systems are noncritical, while bosonic systems can be critical in higher dimensions, revealing insights into quantum phase transitions.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Many-Body Physics
  • Open Quantum Systems
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Investigating steady states of open quantum systems is crucial for understanding their long-term behavior.
  • Lindblad master equations describe the dynamics of open quantum systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the steady states of translation-invariant, quasifree, and quadratic open quantum many-body systems.
  • To determine conditions for criticality and phase transitions in these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Lindblad master equations with quadratic Hamiltonians and linear/quadratic Lindblad operators.
  • Characterization of steady states using Green's functions and correlation functions.

Main Results:

  • Steady states of 1D systems with finite-range interactions possess exponentially decaying Green's functions.
  • Fermionic systems are noncritical in any dimension; bosonic systems can be critical in D>1.
  • All gapped Liouvillians in quadratic systems belong to the same phase without additional symmetry constraints.

Conclusions:

  • The nature of steady states depends on system dimensionality, particle statistics, and interaction range.
  • Understanding criticality and phase transitions in open quantum systems is essential for their characterization.