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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Creation of a High-Fidelity, Low-Cost, Intraosseous Line Placement Task Trainer via 3D Printing
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Validation of a 3-Dimensional-Printed Infant Tibia for Intraosseous Needle Insertion Training.

Keya Manshadi1, Todd P Chang, Anita Schmidt

  • 1From the Division of Emergency and Transport Medicine (K.M., T.P.C., A.S., P.P., J.L.S.), Division of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine (J.L., A.R.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Department of Pediatrics (T.P.C., J.L., A.R., K.I., J.L.S.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California; and Children's Orthopedic Center (K.I.), Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.

Simulation in Healthcare : Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare
|October 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary

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New 3D printed tibia models offer realistic and affordable training for pediatric intraosseous (IO) needle placement. These cost-effective, 3D printed bone models provide superior anatomical and functional fidelity for medical training.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Simulation
  • 3D Printing Technology
  • Pediatric Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Existing pediatric intraosseous (IO) training models lack realistic anatomy and function.
  • Current models are often prohibitively expensive for widespread use.
  • There is a need for cost-effective, high-fidelity training tools for IO procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a 3D printed (3DP) tibia model for pediatric intraosseous (IO) placement training.
  • To assess the anatomic and functional realism of 3DP IO bone models.
  • To compare the performance of 3DP models against existing IO training models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized dual-extrusion fused-filament fabrication to print multiple 3DP tibia models.
  • Optimized models iteratively, selecting polypropylene (3DP clear) and polylactic acid/polypropylene (3DP white) versions.

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  • Developed a novel IO bone model assessment tool and used it with 30 physicians to evaluate models during IO needle insertion.
  • Main Results:

    • The 3DP white bone model demonstrated statistically significant higher scores in anatomy, heft, bone anchoring, resistance, and "give" compared to a chicken bone reference.
    • Twenty-two out of 30 physicians ranked the 3DP white bone as their top preference.
    • The cost to produce a 3DP white bone model is only $1.10.

    Conclusions:

    • 3D printed IO tibia models derived from CT scans offer high anatomic and functional realism.
    • These models are easily replicable and highly regarded by physicians.
    • 3DP IO tibia models provide a cost-effective alternative to commercial training models.