Perineuronal nets: Cruise from a honeycomb to the safety nets

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Cell Biology
• Extracellular Matrix Research

Background:

• The brain's extracellular matrix (ECM) constitutes up to 20% of its volume, performing vital functions in development, maturation, and regeneration.
• ECM molecules self-assemble into perineuronal nets (PNNs), a lattice-like structure ensheathing neurons and regulating synaptic function.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the structure, distribution, and visualization of PNNs.
• To elucidate the role of PNNs in neural development, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity.
• To evaluate PNN involvement in neurological disorders and their potential for reducing oxidative stress.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review focusing on PNNs.
• Analysis of PNNs' structural and functional roles across different physiological and pathological conditions.
• Exploration of PNNs' involvement in neurodevelopmental processes and adult neural plasticity.

Main Results:

• PNNs are essential for early neural development, including cell migration, differentiation, and axonal guidance.
• In adulthood, PNNs stabilize synaptic contacts, regulating plasticity and regeneration.
• PNNs exhibit heterogeneity in response to physiological and pathological states, influencing brain disorders and oxidative stress.

Conclusions:

• PNNs are critical regulators of neural development, plasticity, and regeneration.
• The heterogeneity of PNNs in various conditions underscores their complex role in brain function and dysfunction.
• Further research into PNNs is crucial for understanding neurological disorders and developing therapeutic strategies.