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Related Concept Videos

Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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COP Coated Vesicles00:59

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Small Amphiphile-Based Coacervation.

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Chemistry, an Asian Journal
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) enables the formation of coacervates from amphiphiles. These coacervates have diverse applications, including biomolecule extraction and drug delivery.

Keywords:
amphiphilescoacervate dropletscoacervationliquid-liquid phase separationprotocell

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Area of Science:

  • Soft Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Coacervation is crucial for molecular assembly in functional soft materials.
  • Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) drives coacervation, concentrating molecules in distinct phases.
  • LLPS is prevalent in polyelectrolyte, surfactant, and biomolecule solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of low molecular weight amphiphile-driven coacervation.
  • To explore the construction of simple and complex coacervates.
  • To highlight applications of amphiphile coacervates.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on coacervation and LLPS.
  • Focus on amphiphiles including conventional surfactants and novel derivatives (azobenzene, peptides).
  • Analysis of coacervate applications in biomolecule extraction, protocell models, and drug delivery.

Main Results:

  • Amphiphiles, including novel ones, can form coacervates via LLPS.
  • Coacervates exhibit diverse structures (simple and complex).
  • Amphiphile coacervates show promise in targeted applications.

Conclusions:

  • LLPS with amphiphiles offers a versatile route to coacervate formation.
  • Amphiphile coacervates are valuable for biomolecule extraction and advanced material design.
  • Further exploration of amphiphile coacervates can lead to innovations in protocells and drug delivery.