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Front crawl swimming coordination: a systematic review.

Ana F Silva1,2, Ludovic Seifert3, Ricardo J Fernandes4

  • 1Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Sports Biomechanics
|October 12, 2022
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Summary

Upper-limb coordination in front crawl swimming is influenced by various factors like environment and skill. There is no single optimal technique for all swimmers, especially for beginners.

Keywords:
Swimmingbiomechanicscoordinationenergy costexpertise

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Biomechanics
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Swimming performance is affected by numerous constraints, including environmental, organismic, and task-related factors.
  • Motor coordination, particularly intra- and inter-limb coupling, is crucial for efficient swimming.
  • Understanding upper-limb coordination in front crawl is essential for improving swimming technique and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and update the existing literature on upper-limb coordination in front crawl swimming.
  • To examine the influence of biomechanical, physiological, and personal factors on swimming coordination and performance.
  • To synthesize current knowledge on how constraints shape motor solutions in swimming.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of studies on front crawl swimming coordination.
  • Analysis of factors affecting upper-limb coupling and performance.
  • Synthesis of findings related to environmental, organismic, and task-related constraints.

Main Results:

  • Upper-limb coordination in front crawl is highly variable and adaptable.
  • Environmental (e.g., aquatic resistance), organismic (e.g., anthropometry), and task-related (e.g., swim speed) constraints significantly impact coordination.
  • Personal factors such as gender, skill level, and age also modulate coordination patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Swimming coordination is not static; it is a dynamic response to interacting constraints.
  • There is no single 'ideal' or 'optimal' coordination pattern for all swimmers.
  • Youth, novice, and less-skilled swimmers should not aim to imitate a specific advanced technique but rather adapt to their individual constraints.