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Related Concept Videos

Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach
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Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

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Reconceptualizing the Juvenile Bunion.

Jacob R Zide1,2, Caitlin Hardin3, Claire Shivers1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children.

Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
|October 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Juvenile bunions often present with elevated distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA) and congruent joints, correlating with worse patient outcomes. Understanding these radiographic and pedobarographic features is key to differentiating juvenile from adult bunions.

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An Anatomical Study of Nerves at Risk During Minimally Invasive Hallux Valgus Surgery
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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Pediatric orthopedics
  • Foot and ankle deformities

Background:

  • Operative management of juvenile bunions is less successful than adult bunion surgery.
  • Key differences between juvenile and adult bunions are not fully understood.
  • This study investigates features differentiating juvenile bunions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize radiographic and pedobarographic features of juvenile bunions.
  • To determine correlations between these features and patient-reported outcomes (PROs).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 32 patients (10-18 years) with bunion deformities.
  • Radiographic measurements included hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle, sesamoid position (SP), and distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA).
  • Pedobarographic analysis assessed plantar pressure and contact. PRO measures were administered.

Main Results:

  • 98.2% of feet showed elevated DMAA; 89.4% had congruent joints.
  • Elevated DMAA correlated with increased HVA, intermetatarsal angle, and SP.
  • HVA correlated with increased second metatarsal head pressure and worse PROs; increased first metatarsal head contact area correlated with improved PROs.

Conclusions:

  • Juvenile bunions characteristically feature elevated DMAA and congruent joints.
  • Radiographic and pedobarographic severity correlates with worse patient-reported outcomes.
  • Elevated DMAA is proposed as the distinguishing factor for juvenile bunions.