A Cross-Sectional Study of Electrophysiological Changes Occurring in Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Background Diabetes is a long-term metabolic condition that results in high blood sugar levels from either reduced insulin production or diminished tissue sensitivity to insulin. Peripheral neuropathy is the most frequent consequence of diabetes. In this research project, with the aid of neurophysiological measures, we conducted a cross-sectional study to examine the impact of glycemic management on the physiological functioning of nerves, regardless of the duration of diabetes. Objectives The main objective of the study was to investigate the association between the degree of glycemic control and the severity of neurological changes. The study also aimed to clarify whether glycemic management, independent of the duration of diabetes, acts as an independent risk factor for the emergence of diabetic neuropathy. Methodology A total of 150 type 2 diabetic patients visiting the diabetic outpatient department were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups: group A consisted of 90 subjects with HbA1c levels <10 and group B comprised 60 subjects with HbA1c levels >10. In the neurophysiology lab, an electrodiagnostic exam was conducted on the sensory (sural nerve) and motor (tibial nerve) parameters. Data on the neurophysiological parameters of the two groups were analyzed and compared. Results When the neurophysiological parameters of the two groups (group A having HbA1c <10 and group B having HbA1c >10) were analyzed, it was observed that group B had lower conduction velocity (CV) and amplitude potential than group A, with a significant statistical difference (p<0.05). It was also observed that sensory parameters were more affected than motor parameters. Conclusion Based on our findings, glycemic control is related to the severity of neuropathic changes.