Characteristics of femtosecond laser-induced shockwaves in air

Dynamic characteristics of femtosecond laser-generated shockwaves are investigated in ambient air. The experiments are performed using a 360-fs pulsed laser at a wavelength of 1.03 µm, with laser intensities up to 5 × 10¹⁴ W/cm² (corresponding to about five times the air breakdown intensity threshold). Plasma and shockwave generation and propagation are visualized using a time-resolved transmission microscope. The maximum propagation velocity is in the order of Mach 30. By implementing a simple theoretical model, we find an initial pressure loading in the GPa range and shockwave pressure dropping down to MPa following propagation over few micrometers away from focus.