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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Isolation of Quiescent Stem Cell Populations from Individual Skeletal Muscles
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Insights into skeletal stem cells.

Qiwen Li1, Ruoshi Xu1, Kexin Lei1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.

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|October 19, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) are crucial for bone and cartilage development. This review details SSC identification, lineage mapping, and their roles in skeletal tissues, addressing current research challenges.

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Area of Science:

  • Skeletal Biology
  • Stem Cell Research
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Tissue-resident skeletal stem cells (SSCs) are multipotent and self-renewing, essential for skeletal development and homeostasis.
  • Recent advances in technologies like single-cell sequencing have enabled detailed characterization of SSCs and their lineage commitment.
  • Understanding SSCs is vital for regenerative medicine and treating skeletal disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the identification and functional studies of skeletal stem cells.
  • To discuss the lineage atlas and roles of SSCs in various skeletal tissues.
  • To highlight current challenges and disputes in skeletal stem cell research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies utilizing fluorescence-activated cell sorting, lineage tracing, and single-cell sequencing.
  • Systematic discussion of findings on SSC identification and functional properties.
  • Analysis of research addressing SSC roles in long bone, craniofacial, and periosteal tissues.

Main Results:

  • Various types of SSCs have been identified, with lineage commitment trajectories partially mapped.
  • Pioneering findings have contributed to a lineage atlas of SSCs.
  • The roles of SSCs and progenitors in different skeletal regions are increasingly understood.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate identification and functional characterization of bona fide SSCs remain critical.
  • Further research is needed to resolve disputes and overcome challenges in the field.
  • A comprehensive understanding of SSCs will advance skeletal tissue regeneration and disease treatment.