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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary isease (COPD) involves a group of progressive lung disorders characterized by persistent airflow limitation and chronic respiratory symptoms. Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome (ACOS), encompassing features of both asthma and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is a group of progressive lung disorders that includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. ACOS leads to complex clinical presentations that combine the inflammatory...
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This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Comparing Quality of Life in Smell and Taste Disorders With Other Chronic Conditions-A Narrative Review.

Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery·2026
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The Norfolk Smell and Taste Clinic Experience-A Decade of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction.

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Self-Reported Smell and Taste Disorders in the General Population: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Austria, Germany and Switzerland.

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Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy – Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Ask the Experts: An International Consensus on Managing Post-Infectious Olfactory Dysfunction Including COVID-19.

Sohaib Mallick1, Javier Ash1, Alfred Addison1

  • 1Mid Essex Foundation Trust, Court Road, Broomfield, Chelmsford, CM1 7ET UK.

Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports
|October 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Post-infectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) management focuses on olfactory training as the primary treatment. Systemic corticosteroids are not recommended due to insufficient evidence for treating PIOD.

Keywords:
COVID-19Olfactory trainingPost-infectious olfactory dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Post-infectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) is a common sequela of viral infections, including COVID-19.
  • Persistent PIOD is associated with reduced frontal lobe perfusion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of PIOD.
  • To establish a consensus on evidence-based management strategies for PIOD.

Main Methods:

  • Critical review of available management options for PIOD.
  • Evidence-based approach to consensus building.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory training is identified as the first-line management for PIOD.
  • Systemic corticosteroids lack strong evidence for PIOD treatment and are not recommended.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory training is the most recommended management for PIOD.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the role of other interventions.