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Related Concept Videos

Electrical Synapses01:28

Electrical Synapses

8.6K
Electrical synapses found in all nervous systems play important and unique roles. In these synapses, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are very close together (3.5 nm) and are actually physically connected by channel proteins forming gap junctions.
Gap junctions allow the current to pass directly from one cell to the next. In contrast, in the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters carry the information through the synaptic cleft from one neuron to the next. They consist of two...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview01:21

Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview

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An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is influenced by two factors:
The electrical gradient: The electrical gradient across cell membranes refers to the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a cell.  This difference drives the movement of ions towards or away from the cells. For instance, if the inside of the cell is more negatively charged relative to...
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Overview of Synapses01:25

Overview of Synapses

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A synapse is a specialized structure where two neurons connect, allowing them to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron. It is the point of communication between neurons. The term "synapse" is derived from the Greek word "synapsis," which means "conjunction." The entire process of neural communication revolves around the synapse. When activated, a neuron releases chemicals known as neurotransmitters into the synapse. These neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to...
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Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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The Synapse02:47

The Synapse

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Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange signals. At the synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is called the presynaptic cell, while the neuron that receives the message is called the postsynaptic cell. Note that most neurons can be both presynaptic and postsynaptic, as they both transmit and receive information.
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Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Real-time Electrophysiology: Using Closed-loop Protocols to Probe Neuronal Dynamics and Beyond
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Electrochemical Ionic Synapses: Progress and Perspectives.

Mantao Huang1, Miranda Schwacke2, Murat Onen3

  • 1Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|October 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrochemical ionic synapses offer low-energy, controllable programmable resistors for artificial intelligence hardware. Further research is needed to achieve high speed and material compatibility for advanced applications.

Keywords:
electrochemical ionic synapsesion intercalationneuromorphic engineeringprogrammable resistors

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Neuroscience
  • Computer Engineering

Background:

  • Conventional artificial intelligence hardware faces high energy consumption challenges.
  • Existing two-terminal resistive switching devices exhibit variability and poor controllability.
  • Electrochemical ionic synapses offer a promising alternative for energy-efficient AI hardware.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present desirable specifications for programmable resistors in artificial intelligence applications.
  • To review progress in electrochemical ionic synapse devices utilizing Li+, O2-, and H+ ions.
  • To identify challenges and provide guidelines for developing advanced electrochemical ionic synapses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current electrochemical ionic synapse devices and material systems.
  • Presentation of desirable device specifications for crossbar arrays.
  • Construction of a physical device model to guide material property development.

Main Results:

  • Electrochemical ionic synapses demonstrate uniform and deterministic control of conductivity via ion doping.
  • These devices offer very low energy consumption compared to traditional methods.
  • Simultaneously achieving nanosecond speed, low operating voltage (≈1V), and CMOS compatibility remains a challenge.

Conclusions:

  • Electrochemical ionic synapses are promising for energy-efficient AI hardware due to their controllable conductivity.
  • Further material advancements are required to meet performance targets for speed, voltage, and compatibility.
  • A physical model provides a roadmap for overcoming current limitations and advancing future opportunities.