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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
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Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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Transcription Initiation01:47

Transcription Initiation

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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
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SETD6 Regulates E2-Dependent Human Papillomavirus Transcription.

Leny Jose1, Elliot J Androphy1,2, Marsha DeSmet1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.

Journal of Virology
|October 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Methylation of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (Brd4) by SETD6 is crucial for human papillomavirus (HPV) transcription. This SETD6-mediated methylation enhances the association of Brd4 with the HPV E2 protein, activating viral gene expression in episomal HPV infections.

Keywords:
Brd4HPVSETD6transcriptional regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (Brd4) is a BET family protein regulating human papillomavirus (HPV) transcription and replication.
  • SETD6 methyltransferase interacts with and methylates Brd4 at lysine 99.
  • HPV is a significant cause of cervical, anogenital, and oral cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interactions between SETD6, Brd4, and HPV E2 protein.
  • To elucidate the role of SETD6-mediated Brd4 methylation in HPV transcription.

Main Methods:

  • Coimmunoprecipitation assays to study protein interactions.
  • Depletion studies using siRNA in HPV-infected cell lines (episomal and integrated).
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to detect protein binding at the HPV enhancer region.
  • Analysis of a Brd4 mutant (K99R) unable to be methylated by SETD6.

Main Results:

  • SETD6 coimmunoprecipitated with the HPV E2 transactivation domain.
  • Depletion of SETD6 reduced HPV-31 transcription in episomal cells but not in integrated HPV cell lines.
  • The Brd4 K99R mutant showed reduced binding to HPV-31 E2, indicating impaired E2 association due to lack of methylation.
  • SETD6 was detected at the HPV long control region enhancer.

Conclusions:

  • SETD6-mediated methylation of Brd4 at K99 is essential for the association between Brd4 and HPV E2.
  • This methylation event is a key mechanism for activating HPV transcription, particularly in episomal HPV infections.
  • The findings reveal a novel regulatory pathway involving SETD6, Brd4, and E2 in the HPV life cycle and pathogenesis.