Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

5.1K
Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
5.1K
Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

50.1K
In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
50.1K
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

18.4K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
18.4K
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

11.7K
The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
11.7K
The Unfolded Protein Response01:37

The Unfolded Protein Response

6.2K
The ER is the hub of protein synthesis in a cell. It has robust systems to quality control protein folding and also for degradation of terminally misfolded proteins. Under normal conditions, a small proportion of misfolded proteins that cannot be salvaged need to be transported to the cytoplasm by the ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathways. However, if the ERAD cannot handle the misfolded proteins, the cell activates the unfolded protein response or UPR to adjust the protein folding...
6.2K
Epistasis Analysis01:09

Epistasis Analysis

5.7K
Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
5.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Targeted Protein Degradation Strategies in DNA Virus Research.

Viruses·2026
Same author

Merkel cell polyomavirus exploits extracellular vesicles for skin infection and host immune evasion through activated Wnt signaling.

PLoS pathogens·2026
Same author

Covalent inhibitors of human papillomavirus type 16 E6 protein restore p53 function and suppress growth of HPV-driven tumors in vivo.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Spatial transcriptomics identifies dysregulated programs across neural and non-neural tissues in spinal muscular atrophy.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

CD28-deficient mice are vulnerable to mouse papillomavirus MmuPV1 infection of the skin and mucosae.

PLoS pathogens·2026
Same author

ZPR1 Is Dispensable for HPV R-Loop Resolution but Regulates Host R-Loop Dynamics.

Viruses·2025
Same journal

Five-Year Risk of CIN3+ After CIN1 Biopsy in a Norwegian Screening Setting: Comparison of CIN1 Diagnosed in a Single Calendar Year and in Two Consecutive Calendar Years.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Prevention Bundle: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Saudi Study to Assess Knowledge, Adherence, and Perceived Barriers Among ICU Practitioners in Hail Region.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Anti-<i>Borrelia</i> IgG Seropositivity Among Hemodialysis Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology: A Preliminary Case-Control Study from Northern Türkiye.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Molecular Characterization of Hemotropic <i>Mycoplasma</i> spp. From Bats (Chiroptera) in the Northern Pantanal, Brazil.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Characterization of Durum-Einkorn Amphiploids for Introgression of Powdery Mildew Resistance from Einkorn into Common Wheat.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Human Orthohantavirus Infections: A Narrative Review.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Investigating the Pathogenesis of MYH7 Mutation Gly823Glu in Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy using a Mouse Model
03:45

Investigating the Pathogenesis of MYH7 Mutation Gly823Glu in Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy using a Mouse Model

Published on: August 8, 2022

4.2K

E2 Tyrosine 102 Regulates MmuPV1 Pathogenesis In Vivo.

Jessica Gonzalez1, Marsha DeSmet1,2, Kennedy Stoll1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The murine papillomavirus E2 protein

Keywords:
E2MmuPV1replicationtyrosine phosphorylation

More Related Videos

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging
09:37

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

Published on: July 14, 2016

8.7K
Functional Characterization of Endogenously Expressed Human RYR1 Variants
07:59

Functional Characterization of Endogenously Expressed Human RYR1 Variants

Published on: June 9, 2021

3.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Investigating the Pathogenesis of MYH7 Mutation Gly823Glu in Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy using a Mouse Model
03:45

Investigating the Pathogenesis of MYH7 Mutation Gly823Glu in Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy using a Mouse Model

Published on: August 8, 2022

4.2K
A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging
09:37

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

Published on: July 14, 2016

8.7K
Functional Characterization of Endogenously Expressed Human RYR1 Variants
07:59

Functional Characterization of Endogenously Expressed Human RYR1 Variants

Published on: June 9, 2021

3.0K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • The papillomavirus (PV) life cycle involves infection, maintenance, and amplification.
  • The PV E2 protein regulates viral transcription and replication by interacting with viral and host factors.
  • Tyrosine 102 in the E2 protein is conserved across several papillomaviruses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the in vivo role of tyrosine 102 in the MmuPV1 E2 protein during the viral life cycle.
  • To determine the impact of phosphorylation at tyrosine 102 on MmuPV1 replication and infectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Generated Y102E (phosphorylation mimetic) and Y102F (phosphorylation deficient) MmuPV1 E2 mutants.
  • Assessed transcriptional activation and replication capabilities of E2 mutants in cell culture.
  • Introduced E2-mutated MmuPV1 genomes into immunocompromised mice to evaluate papilloma development and progeny virus production.

Main Results:

  • The Y102F mutant retained transcriptional activation and transient replication abilities.
  • The Y102E mutant showed defects in replication but could still associate with E1 and Brd4.
  • Only the Y102F mutant induced papilloma development and infectious progeny virus in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • Tyrosine 102 in the MmuPV1 E2 protein is not essential for viral replication or infectivity.
  • The chemical nature of the amino acid at position 102 influences E2 activity and the MmuPV1 life cycle.
  • Conserved residues may not be strictly required, highlighting the adaptability of viral proteins.