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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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The Photochemical Reaction Center01:29

The Photochemical Reaction Center

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Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...
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Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
55.9K
The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis01:34

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

10.4K
The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...
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Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Updated: Aug 23, 2025

[DPEPhosbcpCu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst
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Illuminating Photoredox Catalysis.

Rory C McAtee1, Edward J McClain1, Corey R J Stephenson1

  • 1Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.

Trends in Chemistry
|October 31, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Photoredox catalysis uses visible light to generate reactive intermediates for chemical synthesis. This review highlights key advances in cross-coupling, amine functionalization, and industrial applications of this powerful synthetic tool.

Keywords:
chemical toolphotocatalysisphotoredoxradicalssynthesisvisible light

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic organic chemistry
  • Photoredox catalysis

Background:

  • Photoredox catalysis has emerged as a vital technique in modern synthetic chemistry.
  • It enables selective small-molecule activation and chemical bond formation using visible light.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent key contributions and applications of photoredox catalysis.
  • To highlight advancements in light arrays, cross-coupling, amine functionalization, and mechanistic paradigms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature in photoredox catalysis.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on light arrays, cross-coupling reactions, and amine functionalization.
  • Examination of complementary mechanistic approaches and industrial applications.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of photoredox catalysis's impact on fundamental cross-coupling reactions.
  • Showcasing selective functionalization of aliphatic amines.
  • Highlighting the engagement of complementary mechanistic paradigms.
  • Illustrating diverse applications across various industrial sectors.

Conclusions:

  • Photoredox catalysis is a versatile and powerful platform for generating reactive radical intermediates.
  • Its broad reactivity and established applications ensure its continued importance in all areas of organic chemistry.