Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

4.1K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
4.1K
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

9.8K
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
9.8K
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

13.7K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
13.7K
RNA Stability01:53

RNA Stability

35.6K
Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
35.6K
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

57.1K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
57.1K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.6K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mutant KRAS-driven selective mRNA translation reveals mechanisms and therapeutic vulnerabilities in cancer.

Cell reports·2026
Same author

Non-enzymatic RNA Glycation is a Metabolic Sensor of Cellular Stress.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Non-Enzymatic MGO-Glycation of SRSF2 Drives RNA Mis-Splicing.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Quinone reductase 2 <i>reads</i> H3 serotonylation to support neuronal maturation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

An Optimized RNF126-Targeting Covalent Handle for Molecular Glue Degraders.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Integrating techniques and disciplines to drive structural and chemical biology forward.

Trends in biochemical sciences·2026
Same journal

Nickel-Photochemical C-N Couplings: Moving Beyond Iridium Photocatalysts.

Trends in chemistry·2026
Same journal

Nickel-Mediated Aerobic C<i>sp</i> <sup><i>2</i></sup> -Nucleophile Coupling.

Trends in chemistry·2026
Same journal

The Curious Case of β-Boryl Triplet States.

Trends in chemistry·2026
Same journal

Asymmetric Partial Reductions of Pyridines.

Trends in chemistry·2025
Same journal

Transforming bio-derived DNA into biotechnology.

Trends in chemistry·2025
Same journal

Transition Metal Catalysis Drives Innovative Activity-Based Sensing Systems.

Trends in chemistry·2025
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation Assay to Study m5C Modification in Arabidopsis
08:50

Methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation Assay to Study m5C Modification in Arabidopsis

Published on: May 14, 2020

7.2K

Expanding Epitranscriptomics to Non-Enzymatic RNA Modifications.

Kaila Nishikawa1,2, Yael David1,2,3,4, Anna Knörlein1

  • 1Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.

Trends in Chemistry
|October 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-enzymatic covalent modifications (NECMs) on RNA, distinct from enzymatic ones, are increasingly recognized. This review explores their impact on RNA function and potential disease links, highlighting an underexplored area of cellular regulation.

Keywords:
EpitranscriptomicsModificationsRNAnon-enzymatic

More Related Videos

2D-HELS MS Seq: A General LC-MS-Based Method for Direct and de novo Sequencing of RNA Mixtures with Different Nucleotide Modifications
05:41

2D-HELS MS Seq: A General LC-MS-Based Method for Direct and de novo Sequencing of RNA Mixtures with Different Nucleotide Modifications

Published on: July 10, 2020

2.3K
Characterizing RNA Modifications in Single Neurons Using Mass Spectrometry
08:45

Characterizing RNA Modifications in Single Neurons Using Mass Spectrometry

Published on: April 21, 2022

2.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation Assay to Study m5C Modification in Arabidopsis
08:50

Methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation Assay to Study m5C Modification in Arabidopsis

Published on: May 14, 2020

7.2K
2D-HELS MS Seq: A General LC-MS-Based Method for Direct and de novo Sequencing of RNA Mixtures with Different Nucleotide Modifications
05:41

2D-HELS MS Seq: A General LC-MS-Based Method for Direct and de novo Sequencing of RNA Mixtures with Different Nucleotide Modifications

Published on: July 10, 2020

2.3K
Characterizing RNA Modifications in Single Neurons Using Mass Spectrometry
08:45

Characterizing RNA Modifications in Single Neurons Using Mass Spectrometry

Published on: April 21, 2022

2.8K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Cells utilize reversible modifications on proteins, DNA, and RNA for regulation and fate control, primarily via enzymes.
  • Non-enzymatic covalent modifications (NECMs) also occur spontaneously on biomolecules through reactions with small molecules.
  • While studied in proteins and DNA, the biological role of RNA NECMs remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To survey identified and predicted non-enzymatic covalent modifications on RNA.
  • To explore the impact of RNA NECMs on RNA structure, stability, and function.
  • To examine the potential link between RNA NECMs and human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of identified and predicted RNA NECMs.
  • Analysis of existing data on the impact of NECMs on RNA.
  • Exploration of potential disease associations and regulatory mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Identified and predicted RNA NECMs represent a significant, understudied modification class.
  • These modifications can alter RNA structure, stability, and biological function.
  • Emerging evidence suggests a potential link between RNA NECMs and various diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Non-enzymatic covalent modifications on RNA are a critical area for future research.
  • Understanding RNA NECMs can provide new insights into cellular dynamics and disease pathogenesis.
  • Further investigation into regulatory mechanisms and functional consequences of RNA NECMs is warranted.