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Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

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Advancements in Monitoring Water Quality Based on Various Sensing Methods: A Systematic Review.

Siti Nadhirah Zainurin¹, Wan Zakiah Wan Ismail¹, Siti Nurul Iman Mahamud²

¹Advanced Devices and System, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

|November 11, 2022

Summary

This review compares traditional and modern water quality monitoring methods, finding cyber-physical systems (CPS) offer reliable, real-time detection. Modern techniques, though costly, are simpler and more efficient than conventional, lab-based approaches.

Keywords:

embedded sensors water pollution and sensing methods water quality monitoring system

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Sensor Technology
Water Resource Management

Background:

Water pollution is a critical global challenge requiring effective monitoring systems.
Timely detection of water contamination is essential for public health and environmental protection.
Existing water quality assessment methods face limitations in real-time accuracy and cost-efficiency.

Approach:

A comprehensive review of conventional and modern water quality monitoring techniques.
Analysis of methods including Internet of Things (IoT), virtual sensing, cyber-physical systems (CPS), and optical sensing.
Comparative study of systems implemented in countries like New Zealand, China, Serbia, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and India.

Key Points:

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) demonstrate suitability for water quality monitoring due to integrated physical and computational capabilities.
Conventional methods are often time-consuming, expensive, and require extensive laboratory resources.
Modern methods, while potentially costly, offer simpler, real-time detection capabilities compared to traditional approaches.

Conclusions:

CPS provides a robust framework for enhanced water quality surveillance.
There is a need to address limitations in current instruments for pollutant detection and real-time data generation.
Future improvements in water quality assessment should focus on reliability and cost-effectiveness.