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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

11.1K
In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
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Normal and Tangetial Components: Problem Solving01:24

Normal and Tangetial Components: Problem Solving

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Consider a man with a mass of 70 kg seated in a chair connected to a pin support through a member BC. If the man maintains an upright position, the task is to determine the horizontal and vertical reactions of the chair on the man when the member makes a 45° angle with the horizontal. At this moment, the man has a speed of 5 m/s, increasing at a rate of 1 m/s².
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
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Physical Load While Using a Tablet at Different Tilt Angles during Sitting and Standing.

Yosuke Tomita1, Yoshitaka Suzuki2, Akari Shibagaki2

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Care, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki 370-0033, Japan.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tablet use can cause discomfort. Standing posture and tilting the tablet reduced spine strain and muscle activity in young adults, though it may increase arm flexor activity.

Keywords:
electromyographyergonomicsinertial measurement unitkinematicstablet

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Area of Science:

  • Ergonomics
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Tablet use is widespread, yet lacks established health guidelines.
  • Poor posture and prolonged tablet use may lead to musculoskeletal issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of posture (sitting vs. standing) and tablet tilt angle (0° vs. 45°) on muscle activity and spinal kinematics.
  • To assess perceived discomfort associated with different tablet usage configurations.

Main Methods:

  • Seventeen healthy young adults performed a cognitive task using a tablet.
  • Evaluated segment and joint kinematics using 16 inertial measurement unit sensors.
  • Monitored neck, trunk, and upper limb muscle activity via 12 electromyography (EMG) sensors.

Main Results:

  • Standing posture with a 45° tablet tilt angle resulted in significantly higher perceived discomfort compared to other conditions.
  • Both standing posture and tablet inclination reduced spinal sagittal angles and muscle activity in the dorsal neck, upper, and lower trunk.
  • Increased EMG activity was observed in shoulder flexors under standing and tilted conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing posture and tablet tilt angle can mitigate musculoskeletal strain during tablet use.
  • Standing posture and tablet inclination appear beneficial for reducing spinal and trunk muscle load.
  • Further research is needed to understand the implications for arm flexor muscles.