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Cross-bridge Cycle01:26

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As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
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Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...
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Eccentric Loading01:16

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Eccentric loading is a crucial concept in the study of structural engineering and mechanics, particularly when analyzing the stability and stress distribution in columns. Unlike centric loading, where the force is applied along the centroidal axis, causing uniform compression, eccentric loading occurs when a force is applied off-center. This off-center application introduces not only direct compressive stress but also bending stress, significantly influencing the column's behavior under...
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Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry01:16

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Eccentric axial loading occurs when an axial load is applied away from the centroidal axis of a structural member. This scenario is common in engineering, where structural elements may not be directly aligned due to various design or functional requirements.
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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Baló Concentric Sclerosis.

Kelly Di Dier1, Marc Lemmerling2

  • 1AZ Sint-Lucas, BE.

Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology
|November 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Baló concentric sclerosis is a rare form of multiple sclerosis. It is identified by a unique concentric layered pattern observed on magnetic resonance imaging scans.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimaging
  • Demyelinating Diseases

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) encompasses various subtypes, each with distinct pathological and radiological features.
  • Understanding rare MS variants is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.

Observation:

  • Baló concentric sclerosis (BCS) presents as a distinctive concentric, or "onion-skin," pattern of demyelination.
  • This unique MRI finding differentiates BCS from other forms of MS.

Findings:

  • The characteristic concentric rings represent alternating areas of demyelination and relative preservation of myelin.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the primary modality for visualizing these concentric lesions.

Implications:

Keywords:
MRIconcentric sclerosisdemyelinating diseasemultiple sclerosisneuroradiology

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  • Accurate identification of Baló concentric sclerosis aids in appropriate patient management and prognosis.
  • Further research into the pathogenesis of BCS may reveal novel therapeutic targets for multiple sclerosis.