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Related Concept Videos

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
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In addition to the electric forces between electric charges, moving electric charges exert magnetic forces on each other. A magnetic field is created by a moving charge or a group of moving charges known as the electric current. A magnetic force is experienced by a second current or moving charge in response to this magnetic field. Fundamentally, interactions between moving electrons in the atoms of two bodies produce magnetic forces between them.
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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Magnetic Fields01:27

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A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
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Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains
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Magnetic forces in paramagnetic fluids.

Tim A Butcher1, J M D Coey1

  • 1School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|November 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Magnetic field gradients influence paramagnetic fluids, showing forces are equivalent in incompressible solutions. This research derives criteria for magnetically induced convection and reviews related experiments.

Keywords:
magnetic convectionmagnetic field gradientsmagnetic forcesmagnetoelectrochemistryparamagnetic fluidsparamagnetic ions

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Area of Science:

  • Physics of fluids
  • Magnetohydrodynamics
  • Physical chemistry

Background:

  • Fluids with linear magnetic susceptibilities are affected by magnetic field gradients.
  • Paramagnetic species in solution present unique fluid dynamics challenges.
  • Understanding forces in magnetic fluids is crucial for various applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of magnetic field gradient effects on fluids.
  • To demonstrate the equivalence of magnetic field gradient and concentration gradient forces.
  • To derive the criterion for magnetically induced convection.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of forces acting on fluids in magnetic field gradients.
  • Derivation of the criterion for magnetically induced convection.
  • Review of experimental studies involving magnetically induced convection.

Main Results:

  • Equivalence established between magnetic field gradient force and concentration gradient force for incompressible fluids.
  • Identification of Kelvin force and Korteweg-Helmholtz force densities as underlying principles.
  • Derivation of a specific criterion for the onset of magnetically induced convection.

Conclusions:

  • Magnetic field gradients significantly impact fluid behavior, particularly for paramagnetic species.
  • The derived criterion provides a basis for predicting and controlling magnetically induced convection.
  • Experimental evidence supports the theoretical framework for magnetic fluid dynamics.