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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Chronic Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus: New Developments.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus are major global health burdens, causing significant morbidity and mortality.
  • Despite highly effective HBV vaccines (98%-100%), an estimated 820,000 deaths occurred in 2019, primarily due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Disease prevalence is disproportionately high outside the United States, leading to underestimation of its impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the ongoing global impact of Hepatitis B virus.
  • To emphasize the need for enhanced public health strategies for HBV prevention and control.
  • To advocate for expanded vaccination and screening measures to achieve disease eradication.

Main Methods:

  • Review of global mortality data attributed to HBV.
  • Analysis of vaccination efficacy and current public health recommendations.
  • Assessment of disease sequelae, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Main Results:

  • HBV remains a leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide.
  • Cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are the primary sequelae driving mortality.
  • Current vaccination strategies, while effective, have not eradicated the disease due to concentrated prevalence outside the US.

Conclusions:

  • Expanded vaccination recommendations by the CDC are essential.
  • Routine screening and heightened healthcare provider awareness are critical.
  • A concerted public health approach is necessary to work towards the eradication of Hepatitis B virus.