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Related Concept Videos

Carrier-Mediated Transport01:06

Carrier-Mediated Transport

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Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
Active transport involves two types of membrane-spanning transporters: uptake and efflux. Uptake transporters are expressed in the small...
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Certain large, lipid-insoluble drug molecules that resemble amino acids, peptides, or glucose, require specialized carrier proteins to facilitate their diffusion across cell membranes. This transport can occur through either facilitated diffusion, which does not require energy input, or active transport, which does require energy input.
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro01:16

Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro

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In vitro experiments are crucial for understanding the transport and absorption of drugs through biological materials. These studies employ varied methods such as the diffusion cell method, the everted sac technique, and the everted ring technique.
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Updated: Aug 20, 2025

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Caffeine-loaded nano/micro-carriers: Techniques, bioavailability, and applications.

Rezvan Shaddel1, Safoura Akbari-Alavijeh1, Ilaria Cacciotti2

  • 1Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
|November 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Nano/micro-carriers effectively mask caffeine's bitter taste and control its release for functional foods. These platforms enhance caffeine stability and bioavailability while ensuring safety in food applications.

Keywords:
Bioavailabilitycaffeineencapsulationfunctional foodsnano/micro-delivery systems

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science and Technology
  • Materials Science
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Caffeine is a widely consumed bioactive compound with a bitter taste and potential adverse effects at high doses.
  • Caffeine and other phenolic compounds are susceptible to degradation from processing, light, oxygen, and digestion.
  • Effective strategies are needed to mask caffeine's bitterness and control its delivery for improved functionality and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review various nano/micro-carriers developed for caffeine encapsulation.
  • To discuss the potential applications of these carriers in functional foods and supplements.
  • To present findings on controlled release, bioavailability, toxicity, and safety of encapsulated caffeine.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of nano/micro-carrier systems for caffeine.
  • Categorization of carriers into lipid-based, biopolymeric, and inorganic structures.
  • Analysis of studies reporting on caffeine encapsulation, controlled release, bioavailability, and safety.

Main Results:

  • Numerous nano/micro-platforms (nanoliposomes, nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, hydrogels, etc.) have been fabricated for caffeine encapsulation.
  • These carriers offer strategies for taste masking, controlled release, and enhanced stability of caffeine.
  • Encapsulation can improve caffeine's bioavailability and potentially mitigate degradation.

Conclusions:

  • Nano/micro-carriers represent a promising approach for developing functional food products and supplements containing caffeine.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the controlled release kinetics, bioavailability, and long-term safety of encapsulated caffeine.
  • These advanced delivery systems can overcome challenges associated with caffeine's sensory properties and stability.