Lignin based microspheres for effective dyes removal: Design, synthesis and adsorption mechanism supported with...

Multifunctional lignin bio-based adsorbent, b-LMS, was obtained via inverse copolymerization in the suspension of acryloyl modified kraft lignin (K_fL-AA) and bio-based trimethylolpropane triacrylate (bio-TMPTA). Morphological and structural characterization of K_fL-AA and b-LMS was performed using BET, FTIR, Raman, NMR, TGA, SEM, and XPS techniques. The b-LMS microspheres with 253 ± 42 μm diameters, 69.4 m² g^-1 surface area, and 59% porosity efficiently adsorb Malachite Green (MG), Tartrazine (T), and Methyl Red (MR) dye. The influence of pH, pollutant concentration, temperature, and time on the removal efficiency was studied in a batch mode. Favorable and spontaneous processes with high adsorption capacities e.g. 116.8 mg g^-1 for MG, 86.8 mg g^-1 for T, and 68.6 mg g^-1 for MR indicate the significant adsorptive potential of b-LMS. Results from diffusional and single mass transfer resistance studies indicate that pore diffusion is a rate-limiting step. Theoretical calculations confirmed a higher affinity of b-LMS to cationic dye MG compared with an anionic and neutral one, i.e. T and MR, respectively. The data fitting from a flow system, using semi-empirical equations and Pore Surface Diffusion Modelling (PSDM) provided breakthrough point determination. The results from the desorption and competitive adsorption study proved the exceptional performance of b-LMS. Moreover, sulfation of b-LMS, i.e.production of b-LMS-OSO₃H, introduced high-affinity sulfate groups with respect to cationic dye and cations. Developed methodology implements the principle of sustainable development and offers concept whose results contribute to the minimization of environmental pollution.