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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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MO Theory and Covalent Bonding02:40

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The molecular orbital theory describes the distribution of electrons in molecules in a manner similar to the distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals. The region of space in which a valence electron in a molecule is likely to be found is called a molecular orbital. Mathematically, the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) generates molecular orbitals. Combinations of in-phase atomic orbital wave functions result in regions with a high probability of electron density, while...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2025

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
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Local and Nonlocal Two-Electron Tunneling Processes in a Cooper Pair Splitter.

Antti Ranni1, Elsa T Mannila2, Axel Eriksson1

  • 1NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden.

Physical Review Letters
|December 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We measured rates for Andreev and cotunneling processes. Cooper pair splitting via nonlocal Andreev processes showed similar coupling to elastic cotunneling, unlike stronger local Andreev processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Transport

Background:

  • Understanding electron transport in superconductors is crucial for quantum technologies.
  • Andreev and cotunneling processes govern charge transport at superconductor-normal metal interfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify and compare the coupling coefficients of local Andreev, nonlocal Andreev, and elastic cotunneling processes.
  • To investigate the underlying physics responsible for differences in coupling strengths.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurement of transport rates and coupling coefficients.
  • Theoretical modeling to explain observed phenomena.

Main Results:

  • Nonlocal Andreev processes (Cooper pair splitting) share coupling coefficients with elastic cotunneling.
  • Local Andreev processes are over two orders of magnitude stronger than nonlocal Andreev processes.
  • Theoretical estimates align with experimental findings, explaining coupling differences.

Conclusions:

  • The significant difference in local versus nonlocal coupling arises from competing electron diffusion in the superconductor and tunnel junction transparency.
  • These findings provide insights into controlling quantum phenomena at interfaces.