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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Updated: Aug 18, 2025

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DNA and mRNA Vaccines for Chronic Viral Infections and Cancer: Rationale, Mechanisms, and Progress.

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Nucleic acid vaccines, including DNA and mRNA vaccines, show promise for treating chronic infections and cancer. Their potential is being explored following successful COVID-19 vaccine applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The success of mRNA and DNA vaccines against COVID-19 has spurred interest in their broader applications.
  • Nucleic acid vaccines are being investigated for prophylactic use against various pathogens.
  • Therapeutic applications for chronic infections and cancer are under active development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review past and current successes of therapies for chronic infections and cancer.
  • To examine the immunological mechanisms underlying these therapies.
  • To assess the characteristics of DNA and mRNA vaccines for therapeutic potential in chronic viral infections and cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing therapeutic technologies.
  • Analysis of immunological mechanisms in vaccine therapy.
  • Comparative assessment of DNA and mRNA vaccine properties.

Main Results:

  • Review of successes and immunological insights from various therapeutic platforms.
  • Evaluation of DNA and mRNA vaccine characteristics relevant to chronic infections and cancer.
  • Description of current efforts and progress in developing these vaccines for therapeutic use.

Conclusions:

  • DNA and mRNA vaccines hold significant potential for treating chronic viral infections and cancer.
  • Understanding immunological mechanisms is crucial for optimizing vaccine-based therapies.
  • Continued research and development are essential to realize the full therapeutic capabilities of nucleic acid vaccines.