Frequency Modulation Approach for High Power Density 100 Hz Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvester

Piezoelectric vibration energy harvester (PVEH) is a promising device for sustainable power supply of wireless sensor nodes (WSNs). PVEH is resonant and generates power under constant frequency vibration excitation of mechanical equipment. However, it cannot output high power through off-resonance if it has frequency offset in manufacturing, assembly and use. To address this issue, this paper designs and optimizes a PVEH to harvest power specifically from grid transformer vibration at 100 Hz with high power density of 5.28 μWmm^-3g^-2. Some resonant frequency modulation methods of PVEH are discussed by theoretical analysis and experiment, such as load impedance, additional mass, glue filling, axial and transverse magnetic force frequency modulation. Finally, efficient energy harvesting of 6.1 V output in 0.0226 g acceleration is tested in grid transformer reactor field application. This research has practical value for the design and optimization process of tunable PVEH for a specific vibration source.