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Wearable biosensors use biotransducers to convert biomolecules into signals for e-health. This review covers electrochemical and optical strategies for improved sensitivity, selectivity, and stability in soft biosensors.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Wearable biosensors are crucial for intelligent e-health, disease diagnosis, and managing large bioinformation datasets.
  • Biotransducers are essential components that convert biomolecules into detectable electrical or optical signals, dictating sensor performance (sensitivity, selectivity, stability, reversibility).
  • The soft interface of wearable devices introduces specific requirements for biotransducers, including equipment-free operation, ease of use, mechanical robustness, and high sensing capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging electrochemical and optical biotransduction strategies for wearable biosensors.
  • To analyze these strategies based on transduction mechanisms, amplification techniques, biomaterial selection, and device fabrication.
  • To discuss future challenges and perspectives for biotransducers in monitoring trace biomolecules with high fidelity and multifunctionality.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on electrochemical and optical biotransduction mechanisms for wearable biosensors.
  • Analysis of amplification strategies, biomaterial choices, and device fabrication processes.
  • Discussion of performance metrics such as sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reversibility.

Main Results:

  • Emerging electrochemical and optical biotransduction strategies offer promising solutions for wearable biosensor applications.
  • Key aspects discussed include transduction mechanisms, amplification, biomaterials, and fabrication.
  • The review highlights the importance of achieving high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability in soft biosensor interfaces.

Conclusions:

  • Wearable biosensors, powered by advanced biotransducers, are key to decentralized healthcare and intelligent cyber-physical systems.
  • Fusion with functional electronics will enable new modalities like cyborgs and sophisticated biomolecule monitoring.
  • Future research should focus on enhancing fidelity, sensitivity, and multifunctionality for detecting trace biomolecules.