Postgraduate medical training in Germany: A narrative review

The structure and content of the training phase following completion of medical school, referred to in most countries as postgraduate medical training, varies between countries. The purpose of this article is to give national and international readers an overview of the organisation and structure of postgraduate medical training in Germany. The content and duration of postgraduate training in Germany are stipulated by state medical boards, officially termed associations (Landesärztekammer). In a periodically updated decree, the federal German medical association (Bundesärztekammer) provides a template for postgraduate medical training structure (Musterweiterbildungsordnung), which is adapted by the state medical associations. Admission to postgraduate medical training in Germany takes place by way of open, free-market selection. Based on the traditional assumption that junior doctors acquire all necessary clinical skills "on the job", formal education in the form of seminars, lectures, or preorganised, detailed rotation plans through various specialties or wards is largely absent. Requirements for postgraduate medical training focus on the fulfilment of broad categories of rotations rather than specific content or gaining competencies. With few exceptions, no structured educational programs with curricular learning objectives exist. Limited funding impedes program development and expansion. Junior doctors bear the primary organisational responsibility in their training, which often results in extended training times and dissatisfaction. Structured training programs which prioritise skill-building and formal education are needed to support junior doctors and ensure their competence in primary and specialty care.