Continuous Particle Aggregation and Separation in Acoustofluidic Microchannels Driven by Standing Lamb Waves

In this study, we realize acoustic aggregation and separation of microparticles in fluid channels driven by standing Lamb waves of a 300-μm-thick double-side polished lithium-niobate (LiNbO₃) plate. We demonstrate that the counter-propagating lowest-order antisymmetric and symmetric Lamb modes can be excited by double interdigitated transducers on the LiNbO₃ plate to produce interfacial coupling with the fluid in channels. Consequently, the solid-fluid coupling generates radiative acoustic pressure and streaming fields to actuate controlled acoustophoretic motion of particles by means of acoustic radiation and Stokes drag forces. We conducted finite-element simulations based on the acoustic perturbation theory with full-wave modeling to tailor the acoustic and streaming fields in the channels driven by the standing Lamb waves. As a result, the acoustic process and the mechanism of particle aggregation and separation were elucidated. Experiments on acoustic manipulation of particles in channels validate the capability of aggregation and separation by the designed devices. It is observed that strong streaming dominates the particle aggregation while the acoustic radiation force differentially expels particles with different sizes from pressure antinodes to achieve continuous particle separation. This study paves the way for Lamb-wave acoustofluidics and may trigger more innovative acoustofluidic systems driven by Lamb waves and other manipulating approaches incorporated on a thin-plate platform.