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Related Concept Videos

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Survival curves are graphical representations that depict the survival experience of a population over time, offering an intuitive way to track the proportion of individuals who remain event-free at each time point. These curves are widely used in fields such as medicine, public health, and reliability engineering to visualize and compare survival probabilities across different groups or conditions.
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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 16, 2025

Generation of Hook Ischemia-Reperfusion Model using a Three-Day Developing Chick Embryo
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To curve for survival: Apical hook development.

Yichuan Wang1, Yang Peng1, Hongwei Guo1

  • 1Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China.

Journal of Integrative Plant Biology
|December 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The apical hook, a transient structure in dark-germinating dicot seeds, protects the seedling shoot apex. Research has advanced understanding of its morphological and molecular regulation during germination.

Keywords:
HOOKLESS1apical hookauxin gradientdifferential growthphytohormones

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The apical hook is a transient, curved structure formed by dicotyledonous plants during germination in darkness.
  • It plays a crucial role in protecting the delicate shoot apex from mechanical damage during seedling emergence from soil.
  • The apical hook serves as an excellent model system for studying differential plant growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize research progress on apical hook development at morphological and molecular levels.
  • To compare the growth dynamics of the apical hook with hypocotyl gravitropic bending.
  • To identify remaining questions and future research directions in apical hook development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on apical hook development.
  • Comparative analysis of growth dynamics between apical hook formation and hypocotyl gravitropism.
  • Identification and discussion of key molecular and morphological regulatory mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Significant advances have been made in understanding the morphology and molecular regulation of apical hook development.
  • The study highlights the transient yet vital role of the apical hook in seedling survival.
  • Comparisons suggest potential connections between apical hook growth and gravitropic bending.

Conclusions:

  • Apical hook development is a complex process regulated by distinct morphological and molecular pathways.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the connections between apical hook formation and other growth responses.
  • Understanding apical hook development offers insights into fundamental plant growth and survival mechanisms.