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Related Concept Videos

Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

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If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
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Observational Studies01:11

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Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
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An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two variables. When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the explanatory or independent variable. The affected variable is called the response or dependent variable. In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The...
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Updated: Aug 15, 2025

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data
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Remote Observational Research for Multiple Sclerosis: A Natural Experiment.

Riley Bove1, Shane Poole2, Richard Cuneo2

  • 1From the UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA. riley.bove@ucsf.edu.

Neurology(R) Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation
|December 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Remote research visits for multiple sclerosis (MS) cohorts are cost-effective and maintain valid disability evaluations. This approach enhances participant engagement and inclusivity in longitudinal studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Clinical Research Methodology
  • Health Economics

Background:

  • Longitudinal research cohorts for chronic neurologic conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS) require sustained participant engagement.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the adoption of remote, televideo-enabled research visits, creating a natural experiment to evaluate their feasibility.
  • This study aimed to compare costs and evaluate the efficacy of remote versus in-clinic research visits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the costs associated with remote and in-clinic research visits from both investigator and participant perspectives.
  • To assess the comparability of disability measures obtained through remote (televideo-enabled EDSS and electronic patient-reported EDSS) and in-clinic (Neurostatus-Expanded Disability Status Scale) evaluations.
  • To determine the longitudinal consistency of disability assessments using remote versus in-clinic methods.

Main Methods:

  • A hybrid approach was used, with 207 MS cohort participants undergoing both in-clinic and virtual research visits between March 2020 and December 2021.
  • 100 "matched visits" were analyzed, comparing in-clinic NS-EDSS with remote tele-EDSS and ePR-EDSS evaluations.
  • Clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic data were collected for all participants.

Main Results:

  • Remote visits were significantly less costly for investigators (facilities, personnel, compensation) and participants (travel, caregiver time), and reduced carbon footprint (p < 0.05).
  • Median Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores were similar across modalities (NS-EDSS: 2, tele-EDSS: 1.5, ePR-EDSS: 2), with remote evaluations demonstrating noninferiority to NS-EDSS (p < 0.01).
  • Longitudinal analysis showed similar proportions of participants with worsening, stable, or improved EDSS scores regardless of whether annual evaluations used NS-EDSS or switched to tele-EDSS.

Conclusions:

  • Remote research evaluations offer a cost-effective alternative to in-clinic visits for MS cohorts.
  • Remote assessments provide reliable evaluations of disability progression over time, comparable to traditional in-clinic methods.
  • Implementing remote research strategies can enhance inclusivity and facilitate continued engagement in longitudinal studies for individuals with chronic neurological conditions.