Emerging adjuvants for intradermal vaccination.

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Vaccinology

Background:

• Intramuscular vaccine delivery is common, but intradermal delivery utilizes skin's antigen-presenting cells for enhanced immunogenicity.
• Intradermal delivery is approved for influenza and monkeypox vaccines to improve efficacy and conserve limited vaccine supplies.

Approach:

• This review examines approved vaccine adjuvants and their local reactions for intradermal delivery.
• It introduces emerging chemical and physical adjuvants with improved local safety profiles for intradermal vaccination.

Key Points:

• Adjuvants can boost intradermal vaccine efficacy and dose-sparing.
• Adjuvants for intradermal use must balance enhanced immunogenicity with good local safety, avoiding overt reactions.
• Physical adjuvants offer unique advantages for enhancing intradermal vaccination.

Conclusions:

• Further research into safe and effective adjuvants, particularly physical types, is crucial for optimizing intradermal vaccine strategies.
• Developing novel adjuvants can improve vaccine accessibility and public health outcomes.