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Related Concept Videos

Size-Exclusion Chromatography01:08

Size-Exclusion Chromatography

702
In size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as molecular-exclusion or gel-permeation chromatography, molecules are separated based on their sizes. This technique is important for separating large molecules such as polymers and biomolecules. The two classes of micron-sized stationary phases encountered in SEC are silica particles and cross-linked polymer resin beads. Both materials are porous, but their pore sizes vary significantly.
Silica particles offer advantages such as rigidity,...
702
Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications01:30

Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications

485
Capillary electrophoretic separations offer various modes, each with unique applications. These modes include capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary array electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, capillary isotachophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography.
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separates ionic components based on their electrophoretic mobility. It has been used to separate proteins, amino acids,...
485
Principles Of Column Chromatography01:13

Principles Of Column Chromatography

7.0K
The chromatography technique was first invented in 1901 by Michael S. Tswett, a Russian botanist, to separate plant pigments using organic solvents. Further, in 1941, Archer John Porter Martin and R. L. M. Synge modified the technique by packing silica gel into a column. A mixture of amino acids was then separated on the packed column using chloroform and water mixture as the mobile phase. This was the first report on column chromatography. At present, column chromatography is a widely used...
7.0K
Chromatographic Methods: Classification01:12

Chromatographic Methods: Classification

2.4K
Chromatographic techniques are classified in three ways: the classification is based on the physical state of the stationary and mobile phases, how the mobile phase and the stationary phase contact each other, or through the chemical or physical processes that isolate the components of the sample. Typically, the mobile phase is either a liquid or gas, while the stationary phase is either a solid or a liquid layer applied to a solid surface.
Chromatographic techniques are typically named by...
2.4K
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction01:11

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction

2.2K
High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
In HPLC, two phases play a critical role in the separation process:
2.2K
Optimizing Chromatographic Separations01:15

Optimizing Chromatographic Separations

452
Optimizing chromatographic separations is crucial for obtaining clean separations in a minimum amount of time. Optimization is required for several factors, including kinetic effects related to band broadening, plate height, capacity factor, and separation factor.
Band broadening refers to spreading solute bands as they travel through the column. This broadening can impact resolution. Plate height (H) represents the length required for one theoretical plate. A lower plate height corresponds to...
452

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Detection Orthogonality in Macromolecular Separations. 2: Exploring Wavelength Orthogonality and Spectroscopic Invisibility Using SEC/DRI/UV/FL.

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Absolute Molar Mass Determination in Mixed Solvents. 3. Accuracy of ∂<i>n</i>/∂<i>c</i> Values Obtained by Assuming 100% SEC Mass Recovery.

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Separations by Shape: Molecular Shape Recognition in Liquid Chromatography.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Online Size-exclusion and Ion-exchange Chromatography on a SAXS Beamline
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Size-Exclusion Chromatography: A Twenty-First Century Perspective.

André M Striegel1

  • 1Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8390, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390, USA.

Chromatographia
|January 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a powerful technique for analyzing macromolecules, determining molar mass and other properties. This perspective highlights SEC's advantages, applications, and challenges, offering insights for future growth.

Keywords:
AdvantagesApplicationsCaveatsHistoryOutlookSize-exclusion chromatography

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a foundational technique in macromolecular science, established for over 50 years.
  • It is widely used for determining molar mass averages and distributions in natural and synthetic polymers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the extensive applications and advantages of SEC in characterizing macromolecules.
  • To address the inherent challenges and potential pitfalls associated with SEC practice.
  • To provide an outlook on future directions and expansion opportunities for SEC.

Main Methods:

  • SEC coupled with various detectors (e.g., light scattering, viscometry) for comprehensive analysis.
  • Application of SEC in determining physicochemical properties beyond molar mass, including branching and chain rigidity.
  • Integration of SEC as a second-dimension separation in two-dimensional chromatography for detailed sample analysis.

Main Results:

  • SEC accurately determines molar mass averages and distributions for diverse macromolecules.
  • SEC characterization extends to branching, chain rigidity, fractal dimension, and heterogeneity.
  • Two-dimensional SEC provides combined chemical composition and molar mass distributions.

Conclusions:

  • SEC remains the premier method for macromolecular characterization due to its versatility and detector compatibility.
  • Awareness of SEC's limitations and careful practice are crucial for reliable results.
  • Continued development and application of SEC hold significant potential for advancing polymer science and analysis.