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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Neurulation01:30

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
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The arms are hanging by the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
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Positional Plagiocephaly and Craniosynostosis.

Gaia S Santiago, Chiara N Santiago, Emily S Chwa

    Pediatric Annals
    |January 10, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary

    Positional plagiocephaly (PP) increased significantly with the "Back to Sleep" campaign. This review helps clinicians differentiate PP from craniosynostosis, improving diagnosis and management of infant head shape abnormalities.

    Area of Science:

    • Pediatric Medicine
    • Neurology
    • Developmental Pediatrics

    Background:

    • The "Back to Sleep" campaign successfully reduced SIDS but led to a rise in positional plagiocephaly (PP), increasing from 5% to over 46% prevalence.
    • Clinicians face a growing number of infants with head shape abnormalities, complicating diagnosis and potentially masking serious conditions like craniosynostosis.

    Approach:

    • This review synthesizes current knowledge on the causes, risk factors, and treatments for both positional plagiocephaly and craniosynostosis.
    • It emphasizes the differential diagnosis of head shape anomalies based on phenotypic presentation.
    • The goal is to equip pediatric clinicians with effective evaluation and management strategies.

    Key Points:

    • Positional plagiocephaly prevalence has dramatically increased, posing diagnostic challenges.

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  • Differentiating PP from craniosynostosis is critical due to the latter's potential severity.
  • Phenotypic presentation is key to distinguishing between various head shape abnormalities.

    • Conclusions:

    • Effective management of infant head shape abnormalities requires accurate differentiation between common positional plagiocephaly and rarer craniosynostosis.
    • Clinicians need updated tools to evaluate and manage these conditions, ensuring timely intervention for serious cases.
    • This review provides a framework for improved clinical decision-making in pediatric head shape assessment.