Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 14, 2025
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
Published on: May 16, 2025
Functional and Symmetry Outcomes After Forehead Flap Reconstruction of Medial Peri-Ocular Defects
Aarti Agarwal1, Ramez Philips1, Kathryn Landers1,2
1Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Background:
Orbital defects have a profound impact on orbital function and symmetry of the face and are difficult to reconstruct given the complexity of this area. The paramedian forehead flap (PMFF) has not been well studied in reconstruction of orbital defects.
Methods:
Retrospective review of patients who underwent reconstruction of periorbital defects with PMFF between 2016 and 2021. Variables were ocular adnexal asymmetry, functional outcomes, and orbital complications.
Results:
Eighteen patients met inclusion criteria. Mean defect size was 11.1 ± 7.5 cm. The most common subsite involved was medial canthus in 88.9% of patients. There was no statistically significant difference between mean medial canthus to midline ratio and mean medial brow to midline ratio when compared to the assumed normal of 1. The medial canthus to pupil ratio and medial canthus to lateral canthus ratio had a statistically significant mean difference from 1.0 (p = 0.003 for both). In 22.2% of patients, the orbit was functional with impairment; the remaining had no impairment. Surgical sequelae occurred in 12/18 (66.7%) of patients, most commonly epiphora in 9/18 (50%) of patients, and ectropion in 5/18 (27.7%).
Conclusion:
The PMFF is feasible for medial periorbital reconstruction with acceptable functional and symmetrical outcomes and low morbidity.
Level Of Evidence:
4 Laryngoscope, 133:2584-2589, 2023.
