Recent Advances in Clinical Applications of Imaging in Retinal Diseases

Many diseases that cause visual impairment, as well as systemic conditions, manifest in the posterior segment of the eye. With the advent of high-speed, high-resolution, reliable, and noninvasive imaging techniques, ophthalmologists are becoming more dependent on ocular imaging for disease diagnosis, classification, and management in clinical practice. There are rapid advances on the indications of multimodal retinal imaging techniques, including the application of ultra-widefield fundus angiography, fundus autofluorescence, optical coherence tomography, as well as optical coherence tomography angiography. This review summarizes and highlights the clinical applications, latest indications, and interpretations of multimodal imaging in age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, diabetic macular edema, central serous chorioretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and uveitis.