Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

3.7K
A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
3.7K
Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

21.6K
Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
21.6K
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

12.6K
The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
12.6K
Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

2.1K
Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
2.1K
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

15.9K
Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
15.9K
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

7.3K
The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
7.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

SOX9 is part of a combinatorial marker that reveals early development and embryological origins of the mouse brown adipose tissue depots.

Developmental biology·2026
Same author

SOX9 is part of a combinatorial marker that reveals early development and embryological origins of the mouse brown adipose tissue depots.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Loss of Hoxa5 function affects Hox gene expression in different biological contexts.

Scientific reports·2024
Same author

Context and Mutation in Gymnosperm Chloroplast DNA.

Genes·2023
Same author

Evidence for Strand Asymmetry in Different Plastid Genomes.

Genes·2023
Same author

Substitution rate heterogeneity across hexanucleotide contexts in noncoding chloroplast DNA.

G3 (Bethesda, Md.)·2022
Same journal

Tissue MicroRNAs in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review of Studies in Human Myocardium and Animal Models with Implications for Post-Mortem Molecular Diagnostics.

Genes·2026
Same journal

Genetic Variants and Dental Caries Susceptibility: An Umbrella Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis.

Genes·2026
Same journal

Generative AI and Language Models in Human Genetics and Health: From Variant Interpretation to Clinical Decision Support.

Genes·2026
Same journal

Familial White-Sutton Syndrome Caused by a Pathogenic POGZ p.Arg508* Variant: Intrafamilial Variability from Childhood to Adulthood.

Genes·2026
Same journal

Genetic Influence on LDL-Cholesterol Levels: Role of Polygenic Risk Scores and Lp(a) Beyond Monogenic Hypercholesterolemia.

Genes·2026
Same journal

THBS1 as a Key Regulator of Myoblasts: Validation of Its Inhibitory Roles in Skeletal Muscle Development.

Genes·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 13, 2025

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy
07:26

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy

Published on: July 29, 2019

6.2K

Do Noncoding and Coding Sites in Angiosperm Chloroplast DNA Have Different Mutation Processes?

Brian R Morton1

  • 1Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA.

Genes
|January 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chloroplast DNA mutation patterns at coding and intergenic sites show similar context-dependency. Differences in substitution rates suggest epigenetic modifications, not selection, influence these mutation patterns.

Keywords:
chloroplast DNAcontextgenome evolutionnucleotide substitution

More Related Videos

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing
12:33

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: July 28, 2017

13.0K
High-Throughput Robotically Assisted Isolation of Temperature-sensitive Lethal Mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
10:51

High-Throughput Robotically Assisted Isolation of Temperature-sensitive Lethal Mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Published on: December 5, 2016

10.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 13, 2025

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy
07:26

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy

Published on: July 29, 2019

6.2K
Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing
12:33

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: July 28, 2017

13.0K
High-Throughput Robotically Assisted Isolation of Temperature-sensitive Lethal Mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
10:51

High-Throughput Robotically Assisted Isolation of Temperature-sensitive Lethal Mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Published on: December 5, 2016

10.0K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Evolution
  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Fourfold degenerate sites in coding regions and intergenic sites are used to estimate neutral evolution rates.
  • Chloroplast DNA intergenic site substitution patterns are context-dependent, influenced by surrounding hexanucleotides.
  • The mutation process in chloroplast DNA is known to be highly context-dependent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the context-dependency of substitutions at fourfold degenerate sites within chloroplast protein-coding regions.
  • To compare substitution patterns at fourfold degenerate sites with those observed at intergenic sites.
  • To explore potential reasons for observed differences in substitution patterns between coding and intergenic DNA.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of substitution patterns at fourfold degenerate sites in chloroplast DNA.
  • Comparison of these patterns with existing data from chloroplast intergenic sites.
  • Evaluation of selective constraints and epigenetic modifications as explanations for observed differences.

Main Results:

  • Strong similarity observed in context-dependency between fourfold degenerate and intergenic sites.
  • Significantly higher G and C substitutions at fourfold degenerate sites across various contexts.
  • A → T and T → A substitutions were the only types occurring at a lower rate at fourfold degenerate sites.

Conclusions:

  • Observed differences in substitution patterns are unlikely due to selective constraints.
  • Epigenetic modifications are proposed as a potential cause for differing mutation patterns in coding versus intergenic DNA.
  • The study highlights context-dependency in chloroplast DNA mutation across different genomic regions.