High-frequency neuronal signal better explains multi-phase BOLD response

Visual stimulation-evoked blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) responses can exhibit more complex temporal dynamics than a simple monophasic response. For instance, BOLD responses sometimes include a phase of positive response followed by a phase of post-stimulus undershoot. Whether the BOLD response during these phases reflects the underlying neuronal signal fluctuations or is contributed by non-neuronal physiological factors remains elusive. When presenting blocks of sustained (i.e. DC) light ON-OFF stimulations to unanesthetized rats, we observed that the response following a decrease in illumination (i.e. OFF stimulation-evoked BOLD response) in the visual cortices displayed reproducible multiple phases, including an initial positive BOLD response, followed by an undershoot and then an overshoot before the next ON trial. This multi-phase BOLD response did not result from the entrainment of the periodic stimulation structure. When we measured the neural correlates of these responses, we found that the high-frequency band from the LFP power (300 - 3000 Hz, multi-unit activity (MUA)), but not the power in the gamma band (30 - 100 Hz) exhibited the same multiphasic dynamics as the BOLD signal. This study suggests that the post-stimulus phases of the BOLD response can be better explained by the high-frequency neuronal signal.