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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...
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The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
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An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
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In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS
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Surface or Internal Hydration - Does It Really Matter?

Christian van der Linde1, Milan Ončák1, Ethan M Cunningham1

  • 1Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020Innsbruck, Austria.

Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Determining if ions or electrons are on the surface or inside water clusters is key. Researchers used spectroscopy, quantum chemistry, and nanocalorimetry to study solvation structures and reactivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • The location of ions and electrons within water clusters (surface vs. internal solvation) influences their properties.
  • Hydrogen bonding networks play a crucial role in determining solvation preferences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural preferences of ion and electron solvation in gas-phase water clusters.
  • To elucidate the impact of solvation structure on cluster reactivity and thermochemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized spectroscopic probes and quantum chemistry calculations to analyze ion structures.
  • Employed H/D exchange for structure elucidation.
  • Applied nanocalorimetry to detect thermochemical signatures of solvation.

Main Results:

  • Spectroscopic and computational methods reveal insights into surface versus internal solvation.
  • Nanocalorimetry provides thermochemical evidence for solvation structures.
  • Size-dependent reactivity highlights the influence of solvation on cluster dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The precise location of ions/electrons in water clusters is influenced by subtle hydrogen bonding differences.
  • Solvation structure significantly impacts unimolecular rearrangements and ion-molecule reactions.
  • A combination of experimental and theoretical techniques is effective for studying these systems.