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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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The Collision Theory
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Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
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Consistent with the law of mass action, an equilibrium stressed by a change in concentration will shift to re-establish equilibrium without any change in the value of the equilibrium constant, K. When an equilibrium shifts in response to a temperature change, however, it is re-established with a different relative composition that exhibits a different value for the equilibrium constant.
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Cooper pair splitting controlled by a temperature gradient.

Dmitry S Golubev1, Andrei D Zaikin2,3

  • 1QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.

Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
|February 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrons can become entangled via Cooper pair splitting in hybrid nanostructures. A temperature gradient offers a new method to control this quantum phenomenon, crucial for quantum technologies.

Keywords:
Cooper pair splittingentanglementquantum shot noisesuperconducting hybrid nanostructures

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Cooper pair splitting (CPS) is a quantum mechanical phenomenon where a Cooper pair from a superconductor splits into two single electrons (Andreev reflection).
  • Entanglement of electrons in normal metallic electrodes connected to a superconducting island is a key indicator of CPS.
  • CPS is fundamental to understanding quantum mechanics and has potential applications in quantum communication and computing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically investigate the behavior of cross-correlated non-local shot noise in a three-terminal hybrid normal-superconducting-normal nanostructure.
  • To explore the influence of a temperature gradient on Cooper pair splitting.
  • To identify Cooper pair splitting through analysis of fluctuating currents and shot noise.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of a three-terminal hybrid nanostructure.
  • Analysis of non-local shot noise and cross-correlations.
  • Investigation of the system's response to a temperature gradient.

Main Results:

  • Observed non-trivial behavior in cross-correlated non-local shot noise under a temperature gradient.
  • Demonstrated that a temperature gradient can modify the characteristics of Cooper pair splitting.
  • Provided a theoretical framework for detecting and controlling CPS.

Conclusions:

  • Cooper pair splitting can be identified and controlled by analyzing cross-correlated shot noise in hybrid nanostructures.
  • Applying a temperature gradient provides an additional experimental knob to manipulate Cooper pair splitting.
  • This research contributes to the fundamental understanding of quantum entanglement and its technological implications.