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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 10, 2025

Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans

Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans

Published on: September 8, 2023

Testing different 3D techniques using geometric morphometrics: Implications for cranial fluctuating asymmetry in

Trine Bottos Olsen¹, Daniel García-Martínez^2,3,4, Chiara Villa¹

¹Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and 3D modelling, Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

|February 15, 2023

Summary

Three-dimensional (3D) scanning techniques effectively detect cranial fluctuating asymmetry. However, combining data from different 3D methods is not recommended due to variations in landmark accuracy and data quality.

Keywords:

Procrustes ANOVA fluctuating asymmetry geometric morphometrics measuring error principal component analysis

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Last Updated: Aug 10, 2025

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Published on: March 19, 2017

Area of Science:

Anthropology
Biomedical Engineering
Paleontology

Background:

Cranial fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a sensitive indicator of developmental instability.
Accurate measurement of FA is crucial for anthropological and evolutionary studies.
Advancements in 3D scanning offer new possibilities for quantifying skeletal morphology.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the performance of 3D digitizer, CT scanner, and surface scanner in detecting cranial fluctuating asymmetry.
To compare the accuracy and reliability of these three-dimensional (3D) techniques for landmark data acquisition.
To assess the impact of different scanning methods on the analysis of cranial shape variation.

Main Methods:

Acquisition of 32 landmarks from 14 archeological crania using a 3D digitizer, CT scanner, and surface scanner.
Analysis of shape variation using Procrustes analysis of variance and Principal Component Analysis in MorphoJ.
Quantification of intra-observer error, FA, and inter-technique variation.

Main Results:

Intra-observer error was low across all techniques (1.7%–4.5%).
Fluctuating asymmetry accounted for 15%–16% of total shape variation.
Surface scanning yielded more missing landmarks and obscured taphonomic damage compared to 3D digitizer and CT scanner data.

Conclusions:

All three 3D techniques are suitable for measuring cranial fluctuating asymmetry.
Significant variation exists between the techniques, particularly regarding data completeness and taphonomic integrity.
Combining data acquired with different 3D scanning methods is not advised to maintain data consistency and analytical accuracy.